Dr.M.Mazumdar

1. The South-Sea House, located in London, was the headquarters of the South Sea Company, a British joint-stock company founded in 1711. The building gained historical significance during the early 18th century, particularly during the South Sea Bubble of 1720, a financial speculation event that led to an economic crisis. The South Sea Company was initially formed to consolidate and reduce national debt in exchange for exclusive trading rights with Spanish-controlled South America. However, speculative investments inflated the company's stock price, leading to a financial collapse when the bubble burst. The South-Sea House, however, remained intact, and over time, it became known for its picturesque, antiquated charm, as immortalized in Charles Lamb’s essay, The South-Sea House. Lamb’s essay, written in 1820, reflects on the building’s quiet, decaying atmosphere long after its historical importance had faded. He describes its former clerks and the idiosyncrasies of office life, usi

1. Summary Ans:- Richard Steele’s “Of the Club” is an essay from The Spectator, the influential periodical he co-founded with Joseph Addison in 1711. The essay provides an engaging and witty portrayal of the various members of a fictional club. Steele uses the members of the club as character types to comment on aspects of human nature and society in early 18th-century England. Below is an exploration of "Of the Club" in approximately 600 words. Context of The Spectator The Spectator was published daily from 1711 to 1712 and was revived briefly in 1714. Its aim was to "enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality." Through fictional personas and social observations, Steele and Addison sought to guide their readers toward ethical and rational behavior while entertaining them. One of the recurring features of The Spectator was the Spectator Club, whose fictional members represented different facets of society. This club allowed Steele to introduce reader

1. Summary A:- Postcolonialism is defined as a period of time representing the aftermath of the Western Colonization of African, Eastern Europe, and Asia. To understand postcolonialism, one has to understand colonialism first. Colonialism as a concept is the practice of one country forcibly assuming power over and responsibility for another country. It also refers to a period of history for which this practice was most prevalent, from the 15th-20th centuries. This is also known as the modern period for colonialism. There are three major periods of colonialism: premodern, modern, and neocolonialism. Premodern colonialism mainly refers to a time before Western Civilization during the Greek and Byzantine Empires. During this period, Arabs, Vikings, Romans, and some Christians held colonies throughout the Mediterranean, Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, North America, present-day Russia and Ukraine, France, Sicily, and even the Baltic Islands. However, with the birth of Western Culture

1. Summary A:- The Movement was a term coined in 1954 by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, to describe a group of writers including  Philip Larkin , Kingsley Amis, Donald Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn and Robert Conquest. The last flickerings of New Apocalypse poetry—the flamboyant, surreal, and rhetorical style favored by Dylan Thomas, George Barker, David Gascoyne, and Vernon Watkins—died away soon after World War II. In its place emerged what came to be known with characteristic understatement as The Movement. Poets such as D.J. Enright, Donald Davie, John Wain, Roy Fuller, Robert Conquest, and Elizabeth Jennings produced urbane, formally disciplined verse in an antiromantic vein characterized by irony, understatement, and a sardonic refusal to strike attitudes or make grand claims for the poet’s role. The preeminent practitioner of this style was Philip Larkin, who had earlier displayed some of its qualities in two novels: Jill (1946) a

1. Summary A:-  Postmodern literature  is a form of literature which is marked, both stylistically and ideologically, by a reliance on such literary conventions as fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, often unrealistic and downright impossible plots, games, parody, paranoia, dark humor and authorial self-reference.  Postmodern authors  tend to reject outright meanings in their novels, stories and poems, and, instead, highlight and celebrate the possibility of multiple meanings, or a complete lack of meaning, within a single literary work. Postmodern literature also often rejects the boundaries between 'high' and 'low' forms of art and literature, as well as the distinctions between different genres and forms of writing and storytelling. Here are some examples of stylistic techniques that are often used in postmodern literature: Pastiche : The taking of various ideas from previous writings and literary styles and pasting them together to make new styles. Interte