Dr.M.Mazumdar

Poetry in the 20th century is an International affair unrestricted to one country and hugely influenced by French, Latin and others. Poetry is now been done by the reader who recreates and shows good responsibility. Translation encompasses good focus. He wrote mainly in French. Rilke was born in 1875 in Prague, part of Austria-Hungary at that time. His best known poem about a panther in a zoo named "Der Panther" is one of his best known today. "The Sonnets", "To Orpheus", "The Duino Elegies" (10 Elegies), are other important ones. The German word "blick" or gaze is one of the major parameters in his poems. His "thing-poems" express the world beautifully. He recreates the interaction between the poet and the object. His first great love was the philosopher and psychologist Lou Andreas-Salome. He married and had a daughter with sculptor Clara Westhoff but they soon separated. The other women who came to his life inspired him a l...

1. Biography  Federico Garcia Lorca is Spain's one of the greatest poets, prose writers, theater directors, & playwrights of 20th century Spanish Literature. He was born in 1898. He was also musically gifted. He initially studied law at the university of Granada but soon became interested in literature and moved to Madrid to become a writer. studied at a conservative music school in Granada. He was a prominent member of the Generation of 27. His works, deeply rooted in Spanish folklore and surrealism, explored themes of love, passion, and the human condition. He revolutionised Spanish Literature. His iconic works were Blood Wedding, Yelma,  and The House of Barnarda Alba. His writings had intense lyrics and allusions to the natural world. He was heavily influenced by the symbolist movement in literature and the work of Spanish poets such as Antonio Machado and Juan Ramon Jimenez He had intimate non physical relation with Salvador Dali, the latter was gay and had complex se...

1. Charles Baudelaire was born in 1821 almost more than 200 years back. He died at the age of 46. He lived a bohemian life. He also took drugs and alcohol. He also wrote essays and translated apart from writing poetry. He had close connection with the then literary elite like Edgar Alan Poe. His single most poetry volume was fluer de mal (flowers of evil). Baudelaire is a very descriptive, graphic, and painting poet unlike the original very traditional French which were written in fancy calligraphy. He didn't shy away from disturbing subject matters as if his objective is to upset the readers. He had no problem with profanity. His aim was different with another set od particular aesthetic purpose in mind. His target is the educated middle class professionals, people who don't work manually as per European class definitions of the 19th century which is called the bouergeose class who are based on utilitarianism who are of usefulness. They are the ones who produces things but wit...

Bhavabhuti Bhavabhūti was born as Śrīkaṇṭha Nīlakaṇṭha and lived in between 680-c. 750 – c. 760 CE. He was born in Padmapura, Aamgaon, at Gondia district,in Maharashtra. He received his education at 'Padmapawaya', a place some 42 km South-West of Gwalior. Dayananidhi Paramahansa is said to be his guru.He is believed to have been the court poet of king Yashovarman of Kannauj. He was a classical Sanskrit scholar, poet, and playwright of eighth-century India. He is considered a key successor to Kalidasa and is often regarded as matching his literary stature. His best known work Uttararamacharita (translated as The Later Deeds of Rama), earned him, the title "Poet of the Karunā Rasa". Apart from these, Bhavabhuti is best known as the author of two plays: Mahaviracharita (“Exploits of the Great Hero”) and Malatimadhava (“Malati and Madhava”). Bhavabhuti’s mix of intellectual treatment and ornate diction was a departure from the use of simple spoken Sanskrit established in ...

The Golden Plate" is a Jataka tale contrasting two merchants: one greedy and dishonest, the other honest. When a poor girl offers a black, sooty bowl for trade, the greedy merchant scorns it, but realizes it's gold and tries to cheat her. The honest merchant recognizes its value, pays fair price, and the greedy one dies in rage. In length the story runs like this: Once upon a time, there lived a merchant of Seri, who sold brass and tin ware. He used to go from place to place, in order to sell his products. He was usually accompanied by another merchant, who also sold brass and tin ware. The second merchant was greedy. He wanted every thing for free and if he bought something, he paid as little as possible. One day, when they went to a town, they divided the streets between them so that none of them interferes in each other’s marketing. Both of them moved through the streets they had chosen and called, “Tin ware for sale. Brass for sale”. People came out of their homes and trad...

1.  2. What does the lighthouse symbolise in the novel "To the Lighthouse?" Marks-2. 2024. Ans: In "To the Lighthouse" (1927), the lighthouse functions as a complex, multivalent symbol. Throughout the novel, reaching the lighthouse represents the quest for meaning, understanding, and completion. In Part I ("The Window"), the planned trip is postponed, reflecting life's uncertainties and disappointments. In Part III ("The Lighthouse"), when the journey finally occurs after Mrs. Ramsay's death, it represents both achievement and anticlimax—the lighthouse, once reached, is just an ordinary structure, suggesting the gap between aspiration and reality. The lighthouse symbolizes how truth and meaning remain perpetually elusive, changing with perspective and time. While it touches on other themes, its primary symbolic function relates to the philosophical quest for meaning. 2. Discuss the novel "To the Lighthouse" as a stream of consci...