Dr.M.Mazumdar

Definition : It began in the mid 1800s with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They observed how the Industrial Revolution was changing society, creating vast wealth for factory owners while workers lived in poverty. Class Struggle, history as a series of struggles in between social classes is their study in the joint books. The two sections are called the bourgeois and the proletariat.  Marxism is a theory where society is shown divided into two halves which create tensions and inequality and may lead to revolution.  Socialism is a system where the government and a rich section control assets and industries and justify equality. Communism is the goal which Marxism aims at for a classless and stateless society where everything is equally shared in a utopian way. The private property is absent. USSR and China tried it.

Practical Criticism Definition: The focus is on text itself.  In the 1920s, Cambridge faculty, Richards experimented with undergraduate students by giving them a writing to comment. The poem's writer was hidden from the students so that the students had no prejudice. He experimented this to find out that students are not forced to accept our thoughts on the poem or any other writing. Paradox, Irony, Structure and Tension are the tools used while evaluating. As a result, the students remained completely depended on themselves. Reading is a private experience without effects of history, politics, etc. Empson said that writing should be separated from science. He then extended it to New Criticism. It was the fire from the extended spark of Practical Criticism. Key Persons: I. A. Richards  William Empson John Crowe Ransom Cleanth Brookes

Accept=to include Except= subtracting Access= approach Excess= extra Bare= hardly Bear= animal Course= subject related Coarse=rough Cast= throw Caste= social class Due= unfinished Dew= weather related Die= expire Dye= colour Heal= to embalm Heel= body part Meddle= mix Medal= token of award Paper= used for writing  Pepper= spice