21.TDC1st Sem AECC (145)

1. What is persuasive writing?

Ans:- Persuasive writing is non-fiction and logical way of writing which intends to convince readers to believe in an idea or opinion and to do an action.

2. What is personal space?

Ans:- Personal space is the non-verbal, physical or mental distance from another person at which one feels comfortable.

3. What is proxemics?

Ans:- Proxemics is the personal space which is a nonverbal communication which surrounds each person.

4. Name some channels of verbal communication?

Ans:- Cell phone, telephone, video conference and intercom are some of the channels of verbal communication.

5. What is gesture?

Ans:- A gesture is a  non-verbal or non-vocal communication which has specific bodily movement that reinforces a verbal message or conveys a particular thought or emotion.

6. What is group discussion?

Ans:- Group discussion refers to a systematic communicative situation that allows its participants who have some common objectives, to share their information, ideas, views, opinions and activities about various topics with other participants.

7. What is a monologue?

Ans:- A monologue is an oral communication or speech usually found in films and literature which is conveyed by one person or it may also be a long one-sided conversation to an audience.

8. What is a dialogue?

Ans:- Dialogue is a written or spoken conversational communation exchange or tool that allows two or more people to understand other viewpoints while agreeing or disagreeing.

9. What is a structured interview?

Ans:- A structured interview is a systematic approach or conversation for collecting data or information where an interviewer asks an interviewee set questions in a standardized order.

10.  What is precis writing?

Ans:- A precis is the gist, shortened or main theme of a lucid passage expressed in as few words as possible with the main points of communication.

11. What is the meaning of comprehension?

Ans:- The word comprehension is derived from the French word comprehend which means to understand or understanding.

12. What is comprehension?

Ans:- Comprehension means understanding anything in communication for giving or receiving of knowledge.

13. What is communication?

A:- Communication is sharing of thoughts and ideas among living beings using any mean or channel.

14. Explain the term 'communication.'

A:- The term 'communication' refers to any activity in which information, emotions and feelings are conveyed from one another. The word is derived from the Latin word "communicare" which means to share meaning and "communis" means 'commonness.'

15. What are the functions of communication from the individual point of context.

A:- The functions of communication from the individual point of context are that it provides knowledge, it helps in commercial success, it creates and shows individual behavior and it also helps in socialization.

16. What is oral communication?

A:- Oral communication implies communication or exchange of ideas through mouth. It includes individuals conversing with each other be it kodirect conversation or telephonic conversation or while using internet. Speeches, presentations, discussions are all forms of communication. It may be in between individuals or in between groups.

17. What are the two types of speaking?

A:- Informal and formal are the two types of speaking.

18. What is miscommunication?

A:- When communication becomes impossible due to some reasons, it is called miscommunication.

19. What is an interview?

A:- A private meeting between two or more people is called an interview.

20. Make a list of 6 merits of written communication?

A:- i. Important information can be easily collected from the preserved documents.

     ii. Written documents can be preserved for a long time.

     iii. Executives can present the documents accurately.

     iv. Written communication helps to maintain the images of both the person and the organization.

     v. It is used as reference.

      vi. There may be less opportunity to include any unnecessary information in a written document.

21. What are the components of normal communication?

A:- Noise, reception and decoding are the components of normal communication.

22. Is the role of sender and recipient distinct in face to face communication?

A:- Yes. The role of sender and recipient is distinct in face to face communication.

23. Give one example of written communication in social media?

A:- Tweet is an example of written communication in social media.

24. What kind of communication are memo and contract?

A:- Memo and contract are examples of written communication.

25. Give four characteristics of communication.

A:- Goal-oriented, interdisciplinary science, dynamism and duplex are four characteristics of communication.

26. What is casual communication?

A:- Casual communication is nearly informal or semi-formal communication.

27. What is paralanguage communication?

A:- Paralanguage communication covers ways in which people show what they mean other than by the words they use. It is where and when body language is used. It is nonverbal. It covers the pitch, sound, speed of speaking, tone, hesitation, noises, gesture, facial expressions and the articulations are used in voice.

28. State the three components of Effective communication.

A:- Genuineness, empathy and respect are the three components of Effective communication.

29. Which is the barrier that refers to the misunderstanding between the sender and receiver due to the different meaning of words?

A:- Semantic barrier is the barrier that refers to the misunderstanding between the sender and the receiver due to the different meaning of words. This could be due to faulty communication, bad expressions that occur, incorrect or faulty translations.

30. What is grapevine communication?

A:- Grapevine communication is person-to-person, casual, unofficial or informal communication. It follows no recommended structure in an organization and stretches in all directions. It is formed on social relationship rather than organizational charts, job descriptions or on orders. Most communication travels through such informal communication.

31. What is proxemics communication?

A:- Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication and social interaction particularly during conversation in between humans only. It is a hidden component of interpersonal communication that is uncovered through observation and strongly influenced by culture.

32. Give an example of proxemics.

A:- How close one stands next to someone depends on the relationship one has with that person is an example of proxemics communication.

33. What are the kinds of proxemics?

A:- The intimate space, personal space, social space and public space are the kinds of proxemics.

34. Who coined the term 'proxemics?'

A:- Edward Hall, an anthropologist coined the term 'proxemics'.

35. What is chronemics communication?

A:- Chronemics is the role of time in communication. It comes under nonverbal communication. It structures the communication process. Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait and interactions are included in chronemics communication.

36. What are the psychological barriers to communication?

A:- False assumptions, anger, negative points about self or others, fictive fears, over confidence, implications and close mindedness are some of the psychological barriers to communication.

37. What is body language?

A:- Body language in communication is the array of nonverbal signals that we use to communicate our expressions, feelings and objectives. It includes our sitting or standing postures, facial expressions, tone, eye contact and hand gestures.

38. What is listening?

A:- Listening is the conscious effort or ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. It's objective is to acquire information and ideas.

39. What is downward communication?

A:- Downward communication is the flow of information and messages from a higher level inside an organization or from vertical level from managers to a lower one. It usually takes place in formal chain of commands.

40. What is non verbal communication?

A:- Non verbal communication is the transmission of messages or signals through through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, chin gestures, hand gestures, sitting or standing postures, shrugging, etc. It includes the use of social cues, kinesics, distance and physical environments, voice, touch, etc.

     Non verbal communication refers to the ways in which beings convey information about their emotioms, needs, intentions, attitudes and thoughts.

41. What is diagonal communication?

A:- Diagonal communication is also called cross-functional communication which takes place between employees at different levels of the organization. In this type of communication, the people working at the same level interact with those working at a higher or lower level of organization in and outside local or national boundaries.

42. What is formal channel of

communication?

A:- A formal communication transmits information such as the goals, policies and procedures of an organization. The messages follow in a chain. It is official and usually controlled by managers or people at the higher level.

43. What are the types of translation?

A:- The different types of translation are- legal or judicial translation, literary translation, website translation, script translation, multimedia localization, financial translation, administrative translation, medical translation, software localization translation, commercial translation, techinal translation, business related, non business related, etc.

44. What is Retroflex?

A:- Retroflex in language is turning or bending tongue backward abruptly while creating speech sound.

45. What are vocal cords?

A:- The thin bands of muscle in the back of our throat that move to produce the voice are called vocal cords.

46. What are plosives?

A:- Plosives denote consonants that are produced by stopping the airflow using the lips, teeth or palate followed by a sudden release of air. The basic plosives are t, k, p, d, g & b.

47. What is international phonetic alphabet?

A:- This alphabetic system of phonetic notation based on the Latin script. It got developed in the late 19th century. It is a set based on the principle of strict one-to-one correspondence between sounds and symbols.

48. What is business communication?

A:- It is the process of sharing information between people within and outside a company. The importance lies in presenting options or presenting new business ideas, making plans & proposals, executing decisions, reaching agreements, sending and fulfilling orders, successful selling and effective meetings.

49. What are the different types of interview?

A:- The different types of interviews are labelled under structured interview, unstructured or semi-structured interviews. These may again create sub groups as- telephone interview, informational interview, one-one interview, lunch or meal interview, remote video interview, competency interview, panel interview, project or case interview, group interview, virtual assessment interview, working interview, career fair interview, etc

50. What is listening & Active Listening?

A:- Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. It is a critical skill and key to all effective communication. It requires conscious effort to hear and understand. It reduces misunderstanding & build trust.

     The process of analyzing and evaluating what other person is saying & an effort to understand the speaker's feelings or the true meaning of the message is called Active listening.

51. Speech Community

A:-A group of people who share undertakings of communication that are not shared by people outside of the group.

52. Symbol

A:- Its representation of an idea. It is type of sign which is arbitrary, agreed upon and is used to stimulate meaning. Symbol stands for or represents something else but bears no natural relationship to it. Arbitrary, ambiguous and abstract representations of other phenomenon. Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior & human thought.

53. Target Audience

A:- In advertising, the segment of the population for whom the product or service has an appeal. The prime group an organization is trying to influence is called the target audience.

54. Technophile

A:- It is literally a lover of technology. Likely to be a person who sees the positive benefits deriving from technology and advocating increased use of technology as as a solution to economic, social and political problems within the society.

55. Upward Communication

A:- It is the communication from lower members of the organizational hierarchy to members higher in the organization like managers and others.

56. Publicity

A:- It is publication of news about an organization or person for which time or space was not purchased.

57. Red herring

A:- It is a fallacy that uses irrelevant information to divert attention away from the real issue.

58. Organizational communication

A:- It is the communication between and among the individuals and groups which makes up an organization. The exchange and interaction of informal and formal messages within networks of interdependent relationships.

59. Outsourcing

A:- The practice of eliminating nonessential aspects of business operations by hiring other companies to perform these tasks is called outsourcing.

60. Paralanguage

A:- Vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech is called Paralanguage. It is the manner in which something is said rather than what is said. It is the way we say or the way we speak.

61. Pathos

A:- Its an Aristotelian concept associated with persuasion ; the emotive aspects of the speech and audience.

62. Plagiarism

A:- The use of another person's information, language or ideas without citing the originator and making it appear that the user is the originator is called plagiarism.

63. Prejudice

A:- Prejudicing others using positive or negative attitudes based on stereotypes rather than information about a specific individual is called prejudice. It makes a judgment about an individual or a group of individuals on the basis of their social, physical or cultural characteresitics. Such judgments are usually negative but prejudice can also be exercised to give undue favour and advantage to members of particular groups 

65. Model

A:- A verbal or pictorial description or presentation of a process is called Model. Models may represent their referents physically, verbally or visually.

66. Newsletters

A:- These are regularly published internal documents describing information of interest to employees regarding an array of business and non-business issues affecting them.

67. Noise

A:- Any internal or external interference with the sending and receiving of messages.

68. Organizational chart

A:- A diagram representing the connection between the various departments within an organization, a graphic representation of organizational structure, indicating who is to communicate with whom.

69. Organizational communication

A:- Communication between and among the individuals of groups which up an organization. The exchange and interaction of informal or formal messages within networks of interdependent relationships.

70. Mechanistic organization

A:- Its an organizational structure in which people perform specialized jobs. Many rigid rules are imposed and authority in such organization is vested in a few top-ranking officials.

71. Message

A:- It is a stimulus to which meanings are attributed in communication. It is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols sent to a receiver.

72. Metaphor

A:- It is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase relates one object or idea to compare.

73. Metacommunication

A:- It is a secondary communication including indirect cues about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted. For example - If you say "Glad to see you" to someone and roll your eyes at the same time, they will not feel that you are actually glad to see them. 

74. Horizontal chain of communication

A:- It is communication between organization. It takes place in between members on the same hierarchical level (between two managers or between two subordinates).

75. Informal communication systems

A:- These are the communication links and networks which arise through natural human interaction. For example, two workers who might have no formal communication links may be protected in the informal communication system because they both play on the company golf team or cat lunch together.

76. Interpersonal communication

A:- It is the exchange between two or more persons on close proximity using conversation and gestures.

77. Kinesics

A:- It is sometimes referred to as "body language"; any movement of the face or body that communicates a measure.

78. Intrapersonal communication

A:- It is the communication with oneself including self-talk, planning and reflections.

79. Glass ceiling

A:- It is a barrier preventing females from reaching top positions in many organizations.

80. Grapevine

A:- It is an organization's informal channels of communication, based friendship or acquaintance. Or, it is organizing local constituencies to influence government decision makers.

81. Haptics

A:- It is tactile or touch communication; one of the most basic forms of communication.

82. Encoding

A:- It is the process by which the source express thoughts or feelings in words, sounds and physical expressions which together make us the actual message that is sent.

83. Ethos

A:- It is the Aristotelian concept associated with possession. It is the personal character of the speaker.

84. Evaluative listening

A:- It is listening to judge or analyze information.

85. Feedback

A:- It is any message that aids a communicator in evaluating the success of previous message(s). The responses of the receiver that shape and alter subsequent from the source.

86. Gatekeeper

A:- It is any person or group who control what media material eventually reaches the public. The editor, reporter, news director, or other person who decides what material is printed, broadcast or otherwise offered to the public. Individual who controls the flow of information to a group of people. An individual who is positioned within a communication network so as to control the mesaages flowing through communication channels. A filter between source/receivers in the mechanistic model communication.

87. Audience

A:- A group of individuals attending to a common media. They receive communication from the same source, but are not active participants and do not communicate with each other. Collection of individuals who have come together to watch or listen to someone or something such as to listen to a speech.

88. Brainstorming

A:- A technique designed to foster group productivity by encouraging interacting group members to express their ideas in a noncritical fashion.

89. Campaign

A:- In advertising, a large number of ads that stress the same theme and appear over a specified length of time.

90. Code

A:- It is a set of rules or symbols used to translate a message from one form to another.

91. Communication flow

A:- The direction (upward, downward, horizontal) messages travel through the networks in an organization.

92. Whistle-blowing

A:- It is the insiders telling the media that they know about important practices by others, usually in the same company with the hope of improving the situation. Calling attention to actions or practices that are inconsistent with established organizational norms or policies.

93. Xenophobia

A:- An individual's irrational and obsessive hatred of people perceived as different and foreign.

94. K. I. S. S principle

A:- A basic principle of communication advising that messages should be as short and simple as possible (an abbreviation for keep it short and simple).

95. Language

A:- Structured system of signs, sounds, gestures and marks used and understood ideas and feelings among people within a community, nation, geographic area or cultural tradition.

96. Liason(s)

A:- Person who links two groups but is not a member of either group. Individuals who serve as linking pins connecting two or more groups within organizational communication networks. Sometimes referred to as internal boundary spanners.

97. Decoding

A:- The active process of receiving aural stimuli by hearing, selecting, attending, understanding, evaluating and remembering.

98. Democratic leadership style

A:- The leader seeks group member participation in determining group goals and procedures.

99. Downward communication

A:- Communication from higher members of the organization (i. e., managers, vice-presidents) to members lower in the organizational (subordinate).

100. Dyad

A:- A two-person communication system.

101. Emphatic listening

A:- Listening to understand what another person is thinking and feeling.

102. Critical analysis

A:- Form of research that goes beyond description and explanation to argue for changes in communicative practices that are judged to be oppressive, wrong or otherwise undesirable.

103. Controlled media

A:- Those media that the public relations practitioner has actual control over, such as a common newsletter.

104. Communication networks

A:- The patterns of communication flow between individuals in organization. Pre-established patterns dictating who may communicate with whom also determines communication networks.

105. Communication flow

A:- The direction (upward, downward, horizontal) messages travel through the networks in an organization is called communication flow.

106. What is the process of communication?

A:- Sender/encoder encodes the message and sends it to receiver/decoder through a particular media or channel. The receiver decodes the message followed by a feedback. This is the process of communication.

107. The study of body language is called-

A:- Kinesics

108. The correct sequence of communication process is-

A:- SMCR (Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver)

109. Our dress code is an example of-

A:- Non-verbal communication

110. Effectiveness of verbal communication depends on-

A:- Tone of the speaker,

      Volume,

       Clarity of speech,

       Body language,

Quantity&Quality of words.

111. Clarity of Explanations is one of the qualities related to cognitive aspects of effective communication.

True or False?

A:- True

112. Cognitive is actually related to the process of knowing.

True or False?

A:- True

113. The main purpose of evaluative or critical listening is-

A:- To accept or reject an idea given to the listener & to evaluative the speaker's credibility and personality

114. Active listening is-

A:- Just listening to understand.

115. A teacher organizing group discussion is to help arrive at a solution of a problem is example of-

A:- Transactional Model

116. Communication is a skill or natural aptitude/ability?

A:- Skill

117. Snowball sampling or chain sampling means-

A:- A sampling technique where the reasearch participants nominate other participants for a test or study. Sample sizes keep on increasing as snowballs do while rolling down.

118. In which language the newspapers have highest circulation?

A:- Hindi

119. Receiving, understanding, evaluating, remembering and responding are components of-

A:- Listening

120. While designing communication strategy, feed-forward studies are conducted by-

A:- Communicator

121. Aspect ratio(width:height) of TV Screen is-

A:- 4:3

122. Communication with oneself is known as-

A:- Intrapersonal

123. Video-Conferencing can be classified as-

A:- Audio-Visual two way

124. In the classroom, the teacher sends the message either as words or images. The students are really-

A:- Decoders

125. Media is also known as-

A:- Fourth Estate

126. What is close reading? Discuss it's significance.

A:- Close reading is a method of literary analysis which focuses on the specific details of a passage or text in order to discern some deeper meaning present in it.

     It is a thoughtful, disciplined reading of a text. It is also called close analysis and explication de texte. It ensures that students are able to glean specific and comprehensive understanding from even difficult texts.

127. What is translation? What are the types?

A:- Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.

     The different types of translations are-

Literary translation

Machine/Technical translation

Journalistic translation

Business translation

Certified translation

Semantic translation

Professional translation

Administrative translation

Legal/Judicial translation

128. What is paraphrasing? How does it improve one's reading skill?

A:- Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. It is used to express something again using different words so that it is easier to understand. It is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.

     Paraphrasing enables readers to move away from the word for word translation of both written and oral text that many students are reliant on, assisting them in moving to a more holistic approach to reading and comprehending a text.

129. What purpose does documenting serve?

A:- The purpose of documentation is to: describe the use, operation, maintainence, or design of software or hardware through the use of manuals, listings, diagrams and other hard or soft copy written and graphic materials.

130. What are the features of a good document? Discuss.

A:- Features of a good document are-

All relevant information must be recorded.

All paper records must be legible, signed and dated.

Records must be contemporaneous, accurate and kept up to date.

Records must be written in plain English avoiding jargon.

Records must clearly distinguish between statements of fact and opinion.

Paper records if moved to a new location must be monitored and kept securely.

131. What is a report? Explain the steps.

A:- Reports are documents designed to record and convey information to the reader. Reports are part of any business or organisation; from credit to document specific information for specific audiences, goals or functions. It is a formal communication written for a specific purpose. It includes a description of procedures followed by collection and analysis of data, their significance, the conclusions drawn from them and recommendations, if required.

     The steps of writing a report are:-

i.Decide on terms of reference

ii.Conduct your research

iii.Write an outline

iv.Write a first draft

v. Analyze data and record findings

vi. Recommend a course of action.

vii. Edit and distrubute

132. What is comprehension?

A:- Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read. Comprehension skills are the strategies a reader uses to construct meaning and retrieve information from a text. It triggers thinking skills. A thinking skill is a cognitive process that can be broken down into steps and taught explicitly.

133. What do you mean by summarizing a text?

A:- Summarizing a text means giving a concise overview of a text's main points in one's own words. A summary is always much shorter than the original text. It reduces a text to its main idea and necessary information. It is creating a condensed version that covers the main points.

134. Mention the features of comprehension.

A:- Features of comprehension are:-

i. Decoding or the ability to identify main idea and key details.

ii. Fluency over the language is expected.

iii.Unfamiliar vocabulary should be identified.

iv. Sentence construction and cohesion. The beginning, middle and end should be in sequence.

v. Reasoning and background knowledge is expected too.

vi.Working memory and attention. One should be able to make inferences or predictions.

135. Suggest 2 steps to be taken care of while paraphrasing a text.

A:- Steps to be taken care of while paraphrasing a text are:-

i) Read the original text until full meaning is grasped.

ii)Then, the main points or concepts can be written down.

iii)Do not copy the text verbatim.

iv)Change the structure of the text by varying the opening, changing the order of sentences, lengthening or shortening sentences.

136. What are the strategies of text comprehension?

A:- The strategies of text comprehension are-

i) Monitoring comprehension

ii)Metacognition. It is the ability to think about and regulate one's thoughts. It is thinking about thinking. It improves performances.

iii)Graphic and semantic organizers

iv) Answering questions

v) Generating questions

vi) Recognising story structure. The story maps of the text can be made aware of and then construct or retell the story.

vii) Summarizing the main idea after grasping the knowledge from the text.

137. What is document?

A:- A document is a written or printed, drawn and memorized representation of thoughts. It acts as a proof of something. It is the manifestation of non-fictional as well as fictional content.

138. State the importance of note making.

A:- Note making compels us to pay attention and stay focussed.

It helps us to learn.

It helps us to remember the information later.

It keeps us active and engaged in studies.

It saves time, energy and confusion.

139. Mention the features of a good note.

A:- Good notes are organised with key ideas and supporting ideas.

They use bullet points.

Visual techniques are used such as, highlighting, using graphics and colours and underlining to identify main points.

Subheadings can be used.

Repetition can be avoided.

Abbreviations and symbols can be used when or if necessary.

140. What are the stages of note making?

A:-i)First, we have to know or find what is yet to be known.

ii)Ideas or concepts or keywords can be noted down which can later on be easily deciphered by the us/reader.

iii)Notes can then be organized. Instead of lengthy sentences, shorter phrases can be used.

iv)Note-reflecting. Focus on problem areas can be put and reviewed before exam.

141. What are the advantages of verbal communication?

A:- The advantages of verbal communication are-

i. It can craft message well and carefully.

ii. It saves money.

iii. It fetches quick feedback.

iv. It can deliver more messages to many people at one time.

v. It is flexible.

142. Discuss briefly the important features of social communication.

A:- Important features of social communication -

i. Day to day interaction develops.

ii. Eye contact is involved.

iii. Sender and receiver are involved.

iv. Listening skills are developed.

v. Body language is involved.

vi. Appropriate speech style is involved. Vocabulary, syntax and phonology are involved.

vii. Tone and pitch are taken care of.

viii. Social communication is also known as pragmatics.

143. Write in brief how to improve your speaking skills in an interview.

A:- i. Be polite and friendly but not too informal.

ii. Focus on what you are saying.

iii. Tell the interviewer what he wants to know. Don't talk too much. 

iv. Eye contact and proper expressions are needed. Use proper body language.

v. Speak with confidence. Don't glare or smile mildly. 

vi. Sit in correct or appropriate posture.

vii. Dress formally.

viii. Keep yourself updated with latest happenings in news.

ix. Show interest till the end of the interview.

144. Mention the advantages of group discussion.

A:- i. It enhances speaking or communication skills.

ii. It gets feedbacks.

iii. Attention span is increased.

iv. It fosters cooperation.

v. It encourages participation.

vi. Diverse views or opinions can be expressed or shared.

vii. It is straightforward approach.

viii. Understanding and knowing each other is better.

145. Discuss briefly the process involved in note making.

A:- i. The purpose has to be noted first.

ii. Ideas, concepts bhand keywords are placed properly.

iii. Organizing the notes is very necessary.

iv. Topic needs to be revised again and again from introduction till conclusion.

v. There should be a logical development keeping in view the title or what is demanded in the question. 

vi. Language should be lucid and direct.

vii. Referring to various sources will enrich the note. Also, creation of a rough note making or creating an outline at first helps great in later finalizing the note.

viii. Deviating from the topic is not permitted.