DSC 102: Volpone. 26,
Ben Jonson (1572- 1637, born in London) was an English Stuart dramatist, lyric poet, and literary critic. He is generally regarded as the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare and during the reign of James I. Among his major plays are the comedies Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone (1605), Epicoene; or, The Silent Woman (1609), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614).
The drama takes place in seventeenth-century Venice, over the course of one day. Volpone (The Fox) is without heirs, is a Venetian gentleman who pretends to be on his deathbed after a long illness in order to dupe Voltore (The Vulture), Corbaccio (The Raven) and Corvino (The Crow), three men who aspire to inherit his fortune. In their turns, each man arrives at Volpone's house bearing a luxurious gift, intent upon having his name inscribed to the will of Volpone, as his heir. Mosca (The Fly), Volpone's parasite servant, encourages each of the visitors to believe that he has been named heir to Volpone's fortune. Mosca even persuades Corbaccio to disinherit his own son in favour of Volpone.
To Volpone, Mosca mentions that Corvino has a beautiful wife, Celia. Disguised as Scoto the Mountebank, Volpone goes to see Celia. Corvino drives away "Scoto" (Volpone), who then becomes insistent that he must possess Celia as his own. Mosca deceives Corvino into believing that the moribund Volpone will be cured of his illness if he lies in bed beside a young woman. Believing that Volpone has been rendered impotent by his illness, Corvino offers his wife in order that, when he is revived, Volpone will recognise Corvino as his sole heir.
Just before Corvino and Celia are due to arrive at Volpone's house, Corbaccio's son Bonario arrives to catch his father in the act of disinheriting him. Mosca guides Bonario to a sideroom, and Volpone and Celia are left alone. Upon failing to seduce Celia with fantastic promises of luxury and wealth, Volpone attempts to rape her. Bonario comes forward to rescue Celia. In the ensuing trial at court, the truth of the matter is well-buried by Voltore, using his prowess as a lawyer to convince the Avocatori, with false evidence given by Mosca, Volpone and the other dupes.
There are episodes involving the English travellers Sir and Lady Politic Would-Be and Peregrine. Sir Politic constantly talks of plots and his outlandish business plans, while Lady Would-Be annoys Volpone with her ceaseless talking. Mosca co-ordinates a mix-up between them which leaves Peregrine, a more sophisticated traveller, feeling offended. He humiliates Sir Politic by telling him he is to be arrested for sedition and making him hide inside a giant tortoise shell.
Volpone insists on disguising himself and having it announced that he has died and willed his wealth to Mosca, which enrages the would-be heirs Voltore, Corbaccio and Corvino, and everyone returns to court to dispute the will of Volpone, who becomes entangled in the circumstances of the plots that he and Mosca devised. Despite Volpone's pleas, Mosca refuses to relinquish his new role as a rich man. Volpone reveals himself and his deceits in order to topple the rich Mosca. In the event, Voltore, Corbaccio, Corvino, Mosca, and also Volpone finally are punished.
Themes
The Corrupting Power of Greed
The catalyst for all the action of the play is that Volpone does not have a natural heir for his enormous wealth. Volpone’s fortune gives him immense power and social standing in Venice, so his successor stands to inherit both riches and repute. The play, however, argues that too large an appetite for wealth and power can fully consume a person’s mind, leaving them susceptible to other vices. Volpone’s three main suitors willingly follow along with Mosca and Volpone’s wicked ideas because they think it will get them closer to securing the inheritance. At several points, Volpone expresses amazement at the gullibility of his marks, but Mosca reminds him that “too much light blinds ’em” (5.2.23)—meaning that the shine of all that promised gold prevents them from seeing even obvious deceptions. Mosca convinces Voltore to abuse his vocation as a lawyer and testify falsely to the court. Despite confessing to guilt after this performance, when Voltore learns that Volpone is alive and that he still has a chance at the fortune, he immediately returns to his deceptive ways. Corbaccio is already a wealthy gentleman, but he willingly disinherits his own natural heir in his quest for doubled riches.
The Power of Stagecraft
There is a dichotomy in the play, never entirely resolved, between the devices of stagecraft and the conveyance of moral truth. In other words, there is a tension between the play itself (a play which, Jonson hopes, will be of moral value to those who see it) and what goes on in the play, in which the devices of stagecraft that are involved in the play's actual production are a source of deceit, confusion, and moral corruption. In other words, Volpone does not merely lie, nor he does not merely deceive; he makes an entire production out of his game, using a special eye ointment to simulate an eye infection, creating a character (the sick Volpone) using wardrobe, make-up, and props. He too seems to share the intention to expose moral folly, with the playwright, Jonson; but this is in the end seen to be another illusion. Likewise, Mosca and Voltore put on a production to convince the judges of their innocence. They use rhetoric and poetry to tell a story, complete with a shocking "surprise witness" and the graphic use of imagery (the appearance of "impotent" Volpone). The play thus exposes us to many different forms of theatrical illusion as methods of lying, perhaps in the hope of allowing us to better discern which forms of theater are sensationalistic, unhelpful, and inaccurate in their portrayal of reality.
Parasitism
"Everyone's a parasite" to paraphrase Mosca (III.i), and over the course of the play he is proved right, in the sense that everyone tries to live off of the wealth or livelihood of others, without doing any "honest toil" of their own. Corvino, Corbaccio and Voltore all try to inherit a fortune from a dying man; and Volpone himself has built his fortune on cons such as the one he is playing now. Parasitism, thus portrayed, is not a form of laziness or desperation, but a form of superiority. The parasite lives by his wits, and feeds off of others, by skillfully manipulating their credulity and goodwill.
Symbols & Motifs
Gold
Gold represents two distinct but connected ideas in the play. Firstly, gold symbolizes wealth or things of great value. Volpone’s physical hoard of wealth signifies his high social status as a gentleman, and his suitors’ golden gifts signify their desire to attain this status. The characters also use gold imagery and metaphors to indicate all kinds of value. For example, Mosca evokes Celia’s remarkable beauty to Volpone by describing her as “Bright as your gold! And lovely as your gold!” (1.5.115). Mosca develops this connection further when he claims that Corvino locks Celia away “as warily as your gold” (1.5.119). Perceiving Celia’s value, Volpone—an avaricious man—determines he must steal her away from Corvino, who doesn’t appreciate her true worth. Mosca uses similar analogies to praise Voltore’s worthy speech in court, proclaiming he will “ha’ your tongue, sir, tipped in gold for this” (4.6.64).
However, gold also represents vice and helps to develop the theme of The Corrupting Power of Greed. Volpone’s descriptions of his gold contain nearly blasphemous metaphors, illustrating how far he has swayed from virtue and morality. Volpone calls his gold his “saint”
Venice
As the seat of greed, corruption, and decadence, at least according to the prevailing prejudices, Venice was the beneficiary of years of stereotype in English drama. Italians in general were seen as sensuous, decadent beings, thanks to their extremely sophisticated culture, history of Machiavellian politicians (Lorenzo de Medici, Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli himself) and beautiful (and often erotic) love poetry. Though not things considered particularly awful today, this type of decadence made English people wary of being infected with immorality, and Venetians were seen as the worst of the bunch. The direct influence of the "power of Venice" to corrupt can best be seen in the Sir Politic Would-be subplot, where the English knight Sir Politic "goes Venetian" and becomes a lying would-be thief. But the Venetian setting probably made the story more believable for most English audiences, signifying the fascination of the play with disguise and deceit, though also, perhaps against Jonson's intentions, distancing them from the play's moral message, by placing the greed in a historic far away place traditionally associated with greed, instead of right in the heart of London.
Animalia
There is a "fable" running throughout the play, through the associations the characters' names create with animals. It is very simple and tells the tale of a cunning "Fox" (Volpone in Italian), circled by a mischievous "Fly" ( Mosca in Italian), who helps the Fox trick several carrion-birds—a vulture (Voltore), a crow (Corvino) and a raven (Corbaccio) into losing their feathers (their wealth). The animal imagery emphasizes the theme of "parasitism" in the play, where one life form feeds off of another. And it should also be remembered that fables are tales with simple moral messages, told for a didactic purpose. Though much more complex, Volpone, at its heart shares the same purpose, making the use of "fable-like" symbolism appropriate and helpful in understanding the meaning of the play.
Summary
"Volpone" is a renowned satirical comedy penned by Ben Jonson in 1605, during the Jacobean era. The play unfolds in the vibrant setting of Venice and delves into the intricacies of human greed, moral corruption, and societal decadence.
The central character, Volpone, is a Venetian magnifico who devises a cunning scheme to accumulate wealth by exploiting the avarice of others. Faking a severe illness, Volpone pretends to be on the brink of death, thereby attracting the attention of various wealthy individuals eager to secure his favor and inherit his fortune. To aid him in this elaborate ruse, Volpone enlists the services of his sly and crafty servant, Mosca.
The play's narrative takes a dynamic turn as the characters Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino enter the scene, each driven by their own desires and flaws. Voltore, a lawyer, Corbaccio, an old miser, and Corvino, a merchant, all become ensnared in Volpone's intricate web of deceit, contributing to the play's satirical exploration of human vices.
Volpone's deceptions become increasingly complex, leading to a climax in a courtroom where the truth is laid bare. Mosca, who has been the puppet master orchestrating the various schemes, eventually turns on his master, revealing the underlying theme of betrayal and the consequences of unchecked ambition.
Throughout the play, Jonson employs a rich tapestry of language, intricate wordplay, and sharp wit to satirize the moral shortcomings of society. The characters themselves serve as allegorical representations of various vices, with Volpone embodying the manipulative nature of unchecked greed.
The courtroom scene, a pivotal moment in the play, becomes a stage for justice to be served. The characters, having succumbed to their basest instincts, face the consequences of their actions. This resolution underscores Jonson's critique of the moral decay prevalent in society during his time.
"Volpone" stands as a timeless work, resonating with audiences across centuries due to its astute observations on human nature. Jonson's ability to blend humor with social commentary elevates the play beyond mere entertainment, making it a lasting piece of literature that continues to be studied, performed, and appreciated for its nuanced exploration of greed, deceit, and the fragility of societal morality.
Themes
"Volpone" by Ben Jonson is a satirical comedy that explores various themes through its intricate plot and dynamic characters. In a comprehensive analysis of the play, several themes emerge, providing insights into the human condition, morality, and societal structures. A detailed exploration of these themes reveals the depth and relevance of "Volpone" even in contemporary contexts.
1. Greed and Avarice:
At the core of "Volpone" is the theme of greed, exemplified by the protagonist, Volpone, and his accomplice, Mosca. The characters' insatiable desire for wealth drives the plot, leading to a series of deceptive schemes. Jonson satirizes the corrosive nature of greed, highlighting its destructive impact on both individuals and society.
2. Deception and Manipulation:
Deception is a prevailing theme as characters engage in elaborate schemes to achieve their selfish goals. Volpone feigns illness, creating a facade of his impending death to manipulate others into showering him with gifts. Mosca, the cunning servant, orchestrates intricate plots, showcasing the pervasive nature of deceit in a society driven by personal gain.
3. Social Critique:
Jonson uses the characters and their actions to critique the societal norms and values of his time. The play exposes the moral decay and hypocrisy present in a society where wealth often dictates one's worth. Through satire, Jonson highlights the absurdity of a culture that values material wealth over genuine virtue.
4. Corruption of Morality:
The characters in "Volpone" are morally bankrupt, willing to compromise ethical principles for personal gain. Volpone's feigned illness and subsequent manipulation of others reveal a deep moral corruption at the heart of the play. Jonson suggests that the pursuit of wealth can lead to the erosion of basic moral values.
5. Power Dynamics:
The play explores the power dynamics between characters, emphasizing the influence of wealth on social status. Volpone, though physically weak, exercises immense power through his wealth, while Mosca, despite being a servant, manipulates those in higher social positions. This underscores the volatile and often arbitrary nature of power structures.
6. Satire of Legal System:
Jonson satirizes the legal system, portraying it as easily manipulated and susceptible to corruption. The characters exploit legal loopholes, and the play suggests that justice can be perverted when wealth and cunning are involved. This critique of the legal system resonates in contemporary discussions on the flaws within institutions.
7. Disguise and Identity:
The theme of disguise is prominent, with characters assuming various identities to achieve their objectives. Volpone disguises himself as a bedridden man, and other characters adopt roles to deceive one another. This theme reflects the fluid nature of identity and the masks people wear in pursuit of their desires.
8. Women and Objectification:
The female characters in "Volpone" are objectified and treated as commodities. Celia and Lady Would-Be become pawns in the characters' schemes, highlighting the vulnerability of women in a society dominated by male greed. Jonson critiques the objectification of women as a consequence of materialistic pursuits.
9. The Fool as a Social Critic:
The character of Sir Politic Would-Be serves as a satirical representation of the foolishness prevalent in society. His exaggerated attempts to assimilate foreign customs and constant paranoia about espionage highlight the absurdity of blindly following trends without understanding their implications.
10. Redemption and Punishment:
The play explores the themes of redemption and poetic justice. While some characters face consequences for their actions, others find redemption. Jonson suggests that, in the end, there is a balance between punishment for the guilty and a chance at redemption for those capable of change.
In conclusion, "Volpone" encompasses a rich tapestry of themes that delve into the complexities of human nature, societal structures, and morality. Jonson's satirical lens allows for a multifaceted exploration of these themes, making "Volpone" a timeless work that continues to resonate with audiences, inviting reflection on the enduring relevance of its insights into the human condition.
Style/Structure
"Volpone" is a satirical comedy play written by Ben Jonson in the early 17th century. The play, first performed in 1606, is renowned for its sharp wit, intricate plot, and the depiction of a morally corrupt society. In exploring the style of "Volpone," we can delve into various aspects, including language, characterization, satire, and theatrical elements.
One notable feature of Jonson's style in "Volpone" is his adept use of language. The play is written in a rich and elaborate verse, characterized by its use of iambic pentameter. Jonson employs intricate wordplay, metaphors, and rhetorical devices to create a linguistic tapestry that reflects the complexity of the characters and the themes explored. The language is not only a vehicle for conveying the plot but also a tool for satirizing the society of the time.
The characters in "Volpone" are carefully crafted to embody various vices and virtues. The titular character, Volpone, is a cunning and manipulative Venetian who feigns illness to deceive others and amass wealth. His parasitic relationships with other characters, such as Mosca and Voltore, highlight the moral decay within the society depicted in the play. Each character represents a facet of the vices Jonson critiques, providing a satirical commentary on the greed, lust, and deceit prevalent in the early 17th-century Venice.
Satire is a central element of Jonson's style in "Volpone." The play satirizes the avarice and moral laxity of the society it portrays, using humor and exaggeration to expose the flaws and vices of its characters. Jonson employs a variety of satirical techniques, including irony, parody, and grotesque exaggeration, to emphasize the absurdity of the characters' actions. The play serves as a mirror reflecting the moral shortcomings of the society it critiques, inviting the audience to both laugh at and reflect on the human follies depicted.
The theatrical elements of "Volpone" contribute significantly to its style. Jonson, known for his meticulous attention to detail, crafts a tightly woven plot with intricate subplots and clever twists. The play's structure, marked by its episodic nature and intricate schemes, keeps the audience engaged while allowing Jonson to explore various aspects of Venetian society. The use of disguises and mistaken identities adds a layer of complexity, contributing to the comedic and satirical tone of the play.
Furthermore, "Volpone" features a chorus of characters who comment on the action, providing a metatheatrical element. These characters, including Sir Politic Would-Be and Peregrine, offer observations and reflections on the unfolding events, serving as a critical voice within the play. This metatheatrical layer adds depth to Jonson's commentary, encouraging the audience to consider the broader implications of the depicted vices and follies.
In conclusion, the style of "Volpone" by Ben Jonson is characterized by its intricate language, well-defined characters, sharp satire, and carefully crafted theatrical elements. Jonson's use of language reflects the complexity of the characters and themes, while the satirical tone exposes the moral decay of the society it portrays. The play's theatrical elements, including its structure and metatheatrical components, contribute to a rich and engaging dramatic experience. "Volpone" stands as a masterful example of Jacobean comedy, showcasing Jonson's skill in blending humor, social critique, and theatrical innovation.
Characterisation
Volpone, a satirical comedy play written by Ben Jonson in the early 17th century, is renowned for its rich characterization. The play unfolds in Venice and revolves around the central character, Volpone, a cunning and wealthy Venetian, and his clever servant, Mosca. In this intricate web of deception, Jonson skillfully crafts diverse characters, each contributing to the social commentary on greed, deception, and morality.
Volpone:
At the heart of the play is Volpone, whose name translates to "the fox" in Italian, symbolizing cunning and deceit. Volpone is a complex character, portrayed as a master manipulator, adept at using his wit to exploit others for his own amusement. His flamboyance and clever wordplay make him an engaging and charismatic figure, drawing the audience into his schemes. However, as the play progresses, Volpone's character becomes darker, revealing the moral decay beneath his charming exterior. Jonson uses Volpone to highlight the corrosive nature of unchecked greed.
Mosca:
Mosca, Volpone's cunning servant, is another key character in the play. His name, meaning "fly" in Italian, reflects his role as Volpone's co-conspirator. Mosca is not just a loyal servant; he is an active participant in the intricate plots, often orchestrating events to benefit both himself and Volpone. His quick thinking and ability to manipulate others make him a vital character in the unfolding drama. Mosca's character underscores themes of duplicity and the corrupting influence of wealth.
Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino:
The play features three main "clients" of Volpone, each driven by different motivations. Voltore, a lawyer, seeks to gain Volpone's wealth through legal means. Corbaccio, an old miser, is willing to disinherit his own son to inherit Volpone's fortune. Corvino, a jealous husband, is willing to prostitute his wife, Celia, to win Volpone's favor. These characters embody various aspects of human vice, such as greed, avarice, and jealousy. Their interactions with Volpone reveal the extent to which people are willing to compromise their values for personal gain.
Celia and Bonario:
Celia, Corvino's virtuous wife, and Bonario, her brother, serve as contrasting figures to the morally corrupt characters surrounding them. Celia becomes a victim of the deceitful plots, and her virtue stands in stark contrast to the avarice and moral decay displayed by others. Bonario, representing honor and integrity, acts as a foil to the manipulative characters. Through Celia and Bonario, Jonson critiques the impact of greed on innocence and the importance of moral values.
Sir Politic Would-Be and Peregrine:
These two characters represent the satire on gullibility and the influence of foreign cultures. Sir Politic Would-Be, an English traveler obsessed with adopting Venetian customs, becomes an easy target for manipulation. Peregrine, a witty and observant traveler, exposes the absurdity of Sir Politic's behavior. Through these characters, Jonson satirizes the cultural pretensions of the time and highlights the folly of blindly adopting foreign customs without understanding their true essence.
Lady Would-Be:
Lady Would-Be, the wife of Sir Politic, is portrayed as an overly flirtatious and gullible character. Her desire for social status and her willingness to compromise her virtue for advancement highlight Jonson's commentary on the shallow and materialistic nature of certain societal norms. Lady Would-Be becomes a pawn in the larger game of deception, adding another layer to the exploration of human folly and societal corruption.
In conclusion, Ben Jonson's Volpone is a masterful exploration of human nature, morality, and societal values through its vivid and diverse characterization. Each character serves as a piece in the intricate puzzle of greed, deception, and moral decay. Jonson's satire, coupled with his keen understanding of human psychology, creates a timeless work that continues to resonate with audiences, offering a critical lens through which to examine the complexities of human behavior.