299. DSC 201-2.i- The Restoration (1)

The Restoration in English literature refers to the period following the return of King Charles II to the English throne in 1660, after the collapse of the Puritan Commonwealth. This era, lasting until around 1700, marked a significant shift in the cultural and literary landscape of England. With the restoration of the monarchy came the revival of the arts, particularly drama, which had been suppressed under Puritan rule. The period is known for its wit, sexual frankness, and a newfound focus on worldly concerns, reflecting the changing social and political environment.

Key Characteristics

Restoration literature is characterized by its sharp wit, realism, and cynicism, reflecting the complexities of a society recovering from political turmoil. The literature of this period often explored themes of sexual intrigue, social class, and political power, frequently with a sense of satire or moral ambiguity. Restoration writers reacted against the moral strictness of the Puritans, leading to a greater emphasis on hedonism and a more permissive exploration of human behavior.

Restoration literature, particularly drama, is known for its comedies of manners. These plays often focused on the lives of the aristocracy and explored themes of love, marriage, and social etiquette. The dialogue was witty and fast-paced, full of double entendres and sharp social commentary.

Drama and Comedy

The revival of theater was one of the most significant cultural developments of the Restoration. William Congreve and George Etherege were prominent playwrights who produced some of the era's finest comedies. Congreve’s The Way of the World (1700) is one of the most celebrated Restoration comedies, offering a satirical view of the relationships and social games played by the upper class. Etherege’s The Man of Mode (1676) is another quintessential comedy of manners, presenting the intrigues and follies of fashionable society.

Restoration tragedies, though less celebrated, also flourished during this time. Writers like John Dryden, a dominant figure in both drama and poetry, contributed to the development of heroic tragedy. Dryden’s All for Love (1677), a retelling of Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra, exemplifies the elevated style and themes of honor, love, and conflict found in Restoration tragedy.

Poetry and Satire

Beyond drama, Restoration literature was rich in poetry, much of it satirical. Dryden, a key figure in Restoration poetry, wrote works like Absalom and Achitophel (1681), a political allegory that uses biblical characters to comment on contemporary politics. Satire became a powerful tool for writers to critique political figures, social norms, and moral hypocrisy.

Conclusion

The Restoration period in English literature marked a revival of the arts after a period of suppression, characterized by wit, satire, and a focus on the social and political dynamics of the time. The comedies of manners and the satirical poetry of the era reflect the changing values and concerns of Restoration society, leaving a legacy of sharp social critique and vibrant, lively writing.